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Dear Team Members,
The following may help our folks in finding answers for their TV related technical terminologies. I request you all to add further on this subject and correct me if there is any thing wrong. Have a nice Day!
1080 1080 material has up to 5 times more pixels than standard definition material. 1920 x 1080 (HD) / 720 x 576 (SD) = 5
1080i Interlaced 1920 x 1080 material. Usually requires deinterlacing to 1080p to be displayed on a fixed pixel displays.
1080p Progressive 1920 x 1080 material, i.e. 1080i which has been deinterlaced.
1:1 Pixel Mapping (Dot-By-Dot) Every dot pixel from a source is faithfully reproduced on the display. For example, a 1080 material should fit on a 1080p capable HDTV with no scaling. This prevents blurring of the material and is highly desirable when displaying PC text/ images on a flat-screen TV.
2:2 Pulldown A method of interlacing 24 fps to PAL signal by creating 48 fields and then speeding it up to 50 fields per second.
3:2 Pulldown A process of interlacing 24 fps film material to NTSC 60 fields per second.
720 720 material has approximately 2 times more pixels than standard definition material. 1280 x 720 (HD) / 720 x 576 (SD) = 2.22
A
Artefacts Video processing errors that should not be present in the original image.
Aspect Ratio The image ratio of width divided by height. SD material on older TVs typically have a ratio of 4:3. Widescreen HDTVs now come in 16:9. Modern film is usually shot in 1.85:1 or 2.35:1 for cinema.
Average Picture Level (APL) The average intensity of video signal which determines how bright the displayed image on screen is.
B
Backlight Bleed Backlight leakage which causes the edges/ corners of LCD screens to look lighter than the middle.
Banding a) Posterization; b) Bands of uneven screen uniformity, usually noticeable during slow pans/ tilts over an even background with low saturation. Most typically associated with Sharp LCD panels.
Bias Lighting HDTV viewed for long periods in a darkened room can cause eye fatigue. Installing a 6500K color bulb behind the TV can provide ambient lighting that can reduce this problem as well as improving perceived blacks and colors.
Bit Rate The amount of digital data sent, usually in bits per second (bps). For the same digital compression method, a higher bit rate will result in better picture quality. HD material is compressed in MPEG4 Advanced Video Coding, which gives excellent quality at 15 Mbps.
Black Level The black level of a TV is the darkest image which is set to black. This can be primarily controlled using the brightness control. Setting the brightness level too low may give better blacks and improve contrast ratio but wipe out shadow details. Setting it too high, will make the picture look washed out and dull.
Black Level Retention Whether or not the TV display can maintain a constant black level regardless of the Average Picture Level (APL).
Blacker-Than-Black (BTB) Clipping BTB information is an undesirable side effect of the conversion of Studio RGB space (16-235) to PC RGB space (0 to 255). It is beyond the scope of this glossary to discuss this, but clipping this information can cause loss of shadow detail, posterization and inaccurate colors on some systems. You can easily test this with widely available calibration discs.
Burn-In Screenburn.
C
Clouding Patches of irregular backlight uniformity on LCD panels, most obvious when viewing a dark scene in low ambient light conditions. Typically associated with VA (Vertical Alignment) panels.
Component Video An analogue interface delivering video images in their component/separate luminance and or chrominance aspect. E.g. RGB (SCART or VGA connectors), S-Video, Component Y Pb Pr.
Contrast Ratio - Contrast ratio is the ratio of intensity between the brightest white and the darkest black of a particular display device.
D
Dead Pixels On fixed pixel displays, a dead pixel is essentially a pixel which has failed to lit. It is a side effect of the manufacturing process but if excessive, a customer is entitled to a replacement screen. Please consult your retailer or manufacturer for more information on their dead pixel warranty.
Dolby Digital A lossy audio compression method developed by Dolby Laboratories and delivering up to 640 kbit/s. Support is mandatory for HD-DVD and Blu-ray players. Can deliver up to 5.1 channels, the most common format.
Dolby Digital Plus An improvement on Dolby Digital, capable of delivering up to 6.144 Mbit/s. Support is also mandatory for HD-DVD and Blu-ray players.
DTH - Direct To Home (satellite based TV channels relaying); Requires Set Top Box.
DVI Digital Video Interface. A video interface standard capable of delivering up to 7.4 Gbit/s. Now largely replaced by HDMI for latest consumer application.
Dynamic Range The capability of a display device to show the detail between the darkest and the brightest scenes.
E
EPG Electronic Programming Guide.
F
Film-Mode Deinterlacing Films are usually delivered in interlaced format as a result of old standards. For example, a standard 24 frames per second film is usually processed to 50 interlaced fields per second for broadcasting. Film mode deinterlacing reverses this process theoretically, to recreate the original movie frames.
FPS frames per second
G
Greyscale The range of grey from video black to peak white, composed of red, green and blue channels. In accordance with SMPTE's specifications, our target greyscale for HDTV calibration is D65 without any colour predominance.
H
HD High Definition
HDCP - High-definition Digital Content Protection. A copy protection system developed by Intel and now fully adopted in HD standards. All HDMI input now is HDCP compliant to prevent unauthorized reproduction.
HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface is the latest digital connection capable of delivering high quality video and audio data. Bandwidth is 10.3 Gbit/s.
HDTV Televisions that are HD-ready as specified by EICTA standards (European Information & Communications Technology Industry Association).
HTPC Home Theatre PC. HTPC enthusiast are dedicated to configuring and improving video playback on their personal computers.
I
Interlaced Field An image that is composed from half of the vertical lines from a full progressive frame.
J
Judder A slightly jerky, stuttering effect usually noticed during slow camera pans/tilts, resulting in a lack of smoothness on screen.
M
MCFI Motion-compensated frame interpolation, a technology used by manufacturers to increase the motion resolution on their TV displays, though invariably this introduces some interpolation artefacts.
MPEG-4 AVC/ H.264 An advanced digital video codec standard developed by the MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) and ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group. It is significantly more efficient than the widely used MPEG-2 encoding used in DVDs, often achieving the same quality for half the bit rate.
O
Overscan The extra outer image of the picture that is cropped away when shown on your TV.
P
PIP Picture in Picture. A favourite feature with sports fans and their competing spouses, fighting over to watch whats on telly.
PQ - Picture Quality.
PLUGE Picture Line-up Generator Equipment. A test pattern that can be used to set black levels on screens and also detect the clipping of BTB information.
Posterization The formation of color steps in a specific area of a picture with continuous gradation of tone. This is most frequently caused by insufficient or narrow color range encoded for that region.
R
Red Push A colour decoding error that makes red more intense than it should be. To attract buyers on the sales floor, manufacturers like to make their TVs brighter by pushing up the colour temperature (i.e. the picture is tinted blue), which causes skin tone to look unnatural. To make the skin look realistic again, manufacturers introduce red push to neutralise the blue tint. Unfortunately while red push corrects the colour of the skin, it also exaggerates the red in everything else, which is worsened when the hyper-blue greyscale is restored to D65.
Refresh Rate The frequency or the number of times per second a display is illuminated.
RGB Color Model It is an abstract, additive color model used in digital displays to produce colors from red, blue and green primaries. 24 bit RGB colorspace is a digital translation of the above model where primary colors are expressed in 8 bit, ie 0-255.
S
Scaling The process of converting the original resolution of the material to fit the native resolution of the display panel. For example, a 720 material must be `upscaled to 1080 before being displayed on the 1080 HDTV.
Screenburn Phosphor burn in in CRTs and plasmas are caused by static images being displayed for long periods. The phosphor elements can become permanently altered and lose their brightness with use, causing ghost-like images. Normally, this acquired defect is not covered under manufacturers warranty.
SD Standard Definition. For the purposes of this website, it has a 720x576 pixels.
Shadow Detail On a properly calibrated screen, a dark scene should be able to reveal the fine gradations of black, giving shadow detail.
Stuck Pixel A display device's subpixel that is constantly shows a single colour (red, green or blue).
U
USB Universal Serial Bus. A popular serial bus standard to connect many modern peripherals.
V
VC-1 A competing advanced video codec that was developed initially by Microsoft in the Windows Media Video 9 format.
Video-Mode Deinterlacing A process that combines interlaced fields from video sources to form progressive images.
W
Whiter-Than-White (WTW) Loss of this information during the conversion of Studio RGB space (16-235) to PC RGB space (0-255) can cause fine white details to disappear. You can easily test this with calibration discs available widely.
Courtesy: HDTVTEST.co.uk
The following may help our folks in finding answers for their TV related technical terminologies. I request you all to add further on this subject and correct me if there is any thing wrong. Have a nice Day!
1080 1080 material has up to 5 times more pixels than standard definition material. 1920 x 1080 (HD) / 720 x 576 (SD) = 5
1080i Interlaced 1920 x 1080 material. Usually requires deinterlacing to 1080p to be displayed on a fixed pixel displays.
1080p Progressive 1920 x 1080 material, i.e. 1080i which has been deinterlaced.
1:1 Pixel Mapping (Dot-By-Dot) Every dot pixel from a source is faithfully reproduced on the display. For example, a 1080 material should fit on a 1080p capable HDTV with no scaling. This prevents blurring of the material and is highly desirable when displaying PC text/ images on a flat-screen TV.
2:2 Pulldown A method of interlacing 24 fps to PAL signal by creating 48 fields and then speeding it up to 50 fields per second.
3:2 Pulldown A process of interlacing 24 fps film material to NTSC 60 fields per second.
720 720 material has approximately 2 times more pixels than standard definition material. 1280 x 720 (HD) / 720 x 576 (SD) = 2.22
A
Artefacts Video processing errors that should not be present in the original image.
Aspect Ratio The image ratio of width divided by height. SD material on older TVs typically have a ratio of 4:3. Widescreen HDTVs now come in 16:9. Modern film is usually shot in 1.85:1 or 2.35:1 for cinema.
Average Picture Level (APL) The average intensity of video signal which determines how bright the displayed image on screen is.
B
Backlight Bleed Backlight leakage which causes the edges/ corners of LCD screens to look lighter than the middle.
Banding a) Posterization; b) Bands of uneven screen uniformity, usually noticeable during slow pans/ tilts over an even background with low saturation. Most typically associated with Sharp LCD panels.
Bias Lighting HDTV viewed for long periods in a darkened room can cause eye fatigue. Installing a 6500K color bulb behind the TV can provide ambient lighting that can reduce this problem as well as improving perceived blacks and colors.
Bit Rate The amount of digital data sent, usually in bits per second (bps). For the same digital compression method, a higher bit rate will result in better picture quality. HD material is compressed in MPEG4 Advanced Video Coding, which gives excellent quality at 15 Mbps.
Black Level The black level of a TV is the darkest image which is set to black. This can be primarily controlled using the brightness control. Setting the brightness level too low may give better blacks and improve contrast ratio but wipe out shadow details. Setting it too high, will make the picture look washed out and dull.
Black Level Retention Whether or not the TV display can maintain a constant black level regardless of the Average Picture Level (APL).
Blacker-Than-Black (BTB) Clipping BTB information is an undesirable side effect of the conversion of Studio RGB space (16-235) to PC RGB space (0 to 255). It is beyond the scope of this glossary to discuss this, but clipping this information can cause loss of shadow detail, posterization and inaccurate colors on some systems. You can easily test this with widely available calibration discs.
Burn-In Screenburn.
C
Clouding Patches of irregular backlight uniformity on LCD panels, most obvious when viewing a dark scene in low ambient light conditions. Typically associated with VA (Vertical Alignment) panels.
Component Video An analogue interface delivering video images in their component/separate luminance and or chrominance aspect. E.g. RGB (SCART or VGA connectors), S-Video, Component Y Pb Pr.
Contrast Ratio - Contrast ratio is the ratio of intensity between the brightest white and the darkest black of a particular display device.
D
Dead Pixels On fixed pixel displays, a dead pixel is essentially a pixel which has failed to lit. It is a side effect of the manufacturing process but if excessive, a customer is entitled to a replacement screen. Please consult your retailer or manufacturer for more information on their dead pixel warranty.
Dolby Digital A lossy audio compression method developed by Dolby Laboratories and delivering up to 640 kbit/s. Support is mandatory for HD-DVD and Blu-ray players. Can deliver up to 5.1 channels, the most common format.
Dolby Digital Plus An improvement on Dolby Digital, capable of delivering up to 6.144 Mbit/s. Support is also mandatory for HD-DVD and Blu-ray players.
DTH - Direct To Home (satellite based TV channels relaying); Requires Set Top Box.
DVI Digital Video Interface. A video interface standard capable of delivering up to 7.4 Gbit/s. Now largely replaced by HDMI for latest consumer application.
Dynamic Range The capability of a display device to show the detail between the darkest and the brightest scenes.
E
EPG Electronic Programming Guide.
F
Film-Mode Deinterlacing Films are usually delivered in interlaced format as a result of old standards. For example, a standard 24 frames per second film is usually processed to 50 interlaced fields per second for broadcasting. Film mode deinterlacing reverses this process theoretically, to recreate the original movie frames.
FPS frames per second
G
Greyscale The range of grey from video black to peak white, composed of red, green and blue channels. In accordance with SMPTE's specifications, our target greyscale for HDTV calibration is D65 without any colour predominance.
H
HD High Definition
HDCP - High-definition Digital Content Protection. A copy protection system developed by Intel and now fully adopted in HD standards. All HDMI input now is HDCP compliant to prevent unauthorized reproduction.
HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface is the latest digital connection capable of delivering high quality video and audio data. Bandwidth is 10.3 Gbit/s.
HDTV Televisions that are HD-ready as specified by EICTA standards (European Information & Communications Technology Industry Association).
HTPC Home Theatre PC. HTPC enthusiast are dedicated to configuring and improving video playback on their personal computers.
I
Interlaced Field An image that is composed from half of the vertical lines from a full progressive frame.
J
Judder A slightly jerky, stuttering effect usually noticed during slow camera pans/tilts, resulting in a lack of smoothness on screen.
M
MCFI Motion-compensated frame interpolation, a technology used by manufacturers to increase the motion resolution on their TV displays, though invariably this introduces some interpolation artefacts.
MPEG-4 AVC/ H.264 An advanced digital video codec standard developed by the MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) and ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group. It is significantly more efficient than the widely used MPEG-2 encoding used in DVDs, often achieving the same quality for half the bit rate.
O
Overscan The extra outer image of the picture that is cropped away when shown on your TV.
P
PIP Picture in Picture. A favourite feature with sports fans and their competing spouses, fighting over to watch whats on telly.
PQ - Picture Quality.
PLUGE Picture Line-up Generator Equipment. A test pattern that can be used to set black levels on screens and also detect the clipping of BTB information.
Posterization The formation of color steps in a specific area of a picture with continuous gradation of tone. This is most frequently caused by insufficient or narrow color range encoded for that region.
R
Red Push A colour decoding error that makes red more intense than it should be. To attract buyers on the sales floor, manufacturers like to make their TVs brighter by pushing up the colour temperature (i.e. the picture is tinted blue), which causes skin tone to look unnatural. To make the skin look realistic again, manufacturers introduce red push to neutralise the blue tint. Unfortunately while red push corrects the colour of the skin, it also exaggerates the red in everything else, which is worsened when the hyper-blue greyscale is restored to D65.
Refresh Rate The frequency or the number of times per second a display is illuminated.
RGB Color Model It is an abstract, additive color model used in digital displays to produce colors from red, blue and green primaries. 24 bit RGB colorspace is a digital translation of the above model where primary colors are expressed in 8 bit, ie 0-255.
S
Scaling The process of converting the original resolution of the material to fit the native resolution of the display panel. For example, a 720 material must be `upscaled to 1080 before being displayed on the 1080 HDTV.
Screenburn Phosphor burn in in CRTs and plasmas are caused by static images being displayed for long periods. The phosphor elements can become permanently altered and lose their brightness with use, causing ghost-like images. Normally, this acquired defect is not covered under manufacturers warranty.
SD Standard Definition. For the purposes of this website, it has a 720x576 pixels.
Shadow Detail On a properly calibrated screen, a dark scene should be able to reveal the fine gradations of black, giving shadow detail.
Stuck Pixel A display device's subpixel that is constantly shows a single colour (red, green or blue).
U
USB Universal Serial Bus. A popular serial bus standard to connect many modern peripherals.
V
VC-1 A competing advanced video codec that was developed initially by Microsoft in the Windows Media Video 9 format.
Video-Mode Deinterlacing A process that combines interlaced fields from video sources to form progressive images.
W
Whiter-Than-White (WTW) Loss of this information during the conversion of Studio RGB space (16-235) to PC RGB space (0-255) can cause fine white details to disappear. You can easily test this with calibration discs available widely.
Courtesy: HDTVTEST.co.uk
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